
Pour bien choisir un roulement à billes, l’important est de tenir compte de multiples paramètres
Il existe des dizaines de types de roulements : à billes, à rouleaux, coniques, à aiguilles, linéaires, à rotules, etc.
Il ne s’agit là que des familles de de base et si l’on veut aller encore plus loin dans les variations de ces types , les différentes marques, et bien sûr dans les différentes tailles, vous pouvez vous retrouver à devoir choisir parmi des centaines de milliers de roulements.
Ceci ne représente qu’une petite partie de ce qui existe sur le marché et il peut donc être délicat de comprendre comment choisir un roulement.
Il faut savoir qu’il y a un certain nombre de paramètres qui permettent de sélectionner le bon roulement : la charge, la « contamination », la précision, la vitesse, l’alignement, la durée de vie, la température à laquelle il sera exposé, …
- La charge supportée : celle-ci influera sur le style de roulement que vous utiliserez. Avec une charge légère par exemple, un roulement à billes pourrait suffire. Tandis que si l’application est lourde, nous devrons peut-être utiliser une structure porteuse.
- La vitesse de rotation : si c’est une vitesse très basse, le roulement aura une conception différente de celui pouvant aller jusqu’à 80 000 tours sur une machine outil par exemple.
- L’environnement et le type de contamination auquel le roulement est confronté : s’il s’agit d’une application dans une usine d’aliments et de boissons, il est fort probable que vous constatiez une contamination importante à la suite d’un cycle de lavage. Les différents détergents caustiques, le nettoyage et la destruction des bactéries peuvent pénétrer facilement dans le roulement et endommager le joint, endommager le lubrifiant et corroder le roulement.
- L’alignement : si le roulement subit un défaut d’alignement inhérent au système, il faudra un roulement qui puisse gérer le défaut d’alignement et ne pas utiliser un roulement de type base libre qui ne pourra pas tolérer ce défaut d’alignement.
- La précision : quelle doit être la précision du roulement ? Si nous n’avons pas besoin d’un roulement précis, nous pouvons envisager d’acquérir un roulement moins coûteux. Mais si le roulement sera utilisé dans une machine qui va fabriquer chaque jour un grand nombre de pièces, nous avons besoin d’une solution plus précise.
- La taille : elle dépend de l’application du roulement. Pour la fraiseuse du dentiste par exemple, nous avons besoin d’un roulement minuscule ; tandis que pour une éolienne, nous avons besoin d’un roulement de plusieurs mètres de diamètre.
- La température : à quelles températures le roulement sera-t-il exposé ? Est-ce que cela ira dans une plate-forme de forage offshore au pôle nord à -50°C ? Ou alors le roulement sera-t-il en application de four de traitement thermique à 350°C ?
- La durée de vie du roulement : le roulement est-il prévu pour durer un mois ou quelques années ? Certains roulements durent 40 à 50 ans, de sorte qu’il n’est pas nécessaire de les remplacer.
Cette liste de facteurs à prendre en compte n’est bien sûr pas exhaustive, car d’autres facteurs entrent en compte dans la sélection du roulement. Mais nos conseils pourront déjà vous aider à affiner le type de roulement qui vous convient.
Parmi les autres facteurs amenant au choix d’un roulement, il peut y avoir par exemple le bruit dans le cas d’un roulement pour VMC par exemple, qui doit rester silencieux.
Pour aller plus loin
Nous vous proposons d’examiner également les critères de sélection pour chaque type de roulement :
- Rainure profonde : normalement utilisée pour les charges radiales et de poussée. La charge de poussée peut atteindre les deux tiers au maximum de la charge radiale.
- Les roulements à billes à contact oblique sont conçus pour supporter des charges radiales et de poussée combinées ou des charges de poussée importantes en fonction de la magnitude de l’angle de contact. Les roulements ayant des angles de contact importants peuvent supporter des charges de poussée plus lourdes.
- Les roulements à billes auto-aligneurs peuvent être utilisés principalement pour les charges radiales dans lesquelles un auto-alignement de quelques degrés est requis. Des précautions supplémentaires doivent être prises lors de la sélection de ces types de roulements, car un désalignement excessif ou une charge axiale supérieure à 10% de la charge radiale peut provoquer une défaillance prématurée.
- Les roulements à rouleaux sphériques sont excellents pour les charges radiales lourdes et une poussée modérée. Leur fonction d’auto-alignement interne est utile dans de nombreuses applications.
- Les roulements à rouleaux cylindriques utilisent des cylindres avec un rapport longueur / diamètre approximatif compris entre 1: 1 et 1: 3 comme éléments roulants.
Normalement utilisé pour les fortes charges radiales. Particulièrement utile pour le mouvement axial libre de l’arbre.
– Les roulements à rouleaux coniques sont utilisés pour les fortes charges radiales et de poussée. Le roulement est conçu de manière à ce que tous les éléments de la surface de roulement et les chemins de roulement se croisent en un point commun de l’axe afin d’obtenir un véritable roulement. Lorsque la rigidité maximale du système est requise, les roulements peuvent être ajustés pour une précharge.
– Les roulements à billes de poussée peuvent être utilisés pour les applications à faible vitesse où d’autres roulements supportent la charge radiale.
– Butée à rouleaux droits : ces roulements sont constitués d’une série de rouleaux courts afin de minimiser le dérapage des rouleaux, ce qui provoque leur torsion. Ils peuvent être utilisés pour des vitesses et des charges modérées.
– Roulements à aiguilles : ces roulements ont des rouleaux dont la longueur est au moins 4 fois leur diamètre. Si l’arbre est utilisé comme bague intérieure, il doit être durci et rectifié. Ce roulement est utilisé pour les charges élevées, oscillantes ou lentes. Ils ne peuvent pas supporter les charges de poussée.
En espérant que ces conseils vous aident à affiner votre choix du bon roulement. Si besoin n’hésitez pas à nous laisser un commentaire pour que la communauté puisse également vous donner des conseils.
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